| CD4 Count |
√ |
√ |
|
√
During first 2 years of ART, or if viremia develops while patient is on ART, or CD4 count <300 cells/mm3
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|
√
After 2 Years on ART with Consistently Suppressed Viral Load:
CD4 Count 300–500 Cells/mm3:
CD4 Count >500 Cells/mm 3:
- CD4 monitoring is optional
|
√ |
√ |
√
Every 3–6 months
|
|
Hepatitis B Serology
(HBsAb, HBsAg, HBcAb total) g,h,i
|
√ |
√
May repeat if patient is nonimmune and does not have chronic HBV infectionh
|
|
|
|
√
May repeat if patient is nonimmune and does not have chronic HBV infectionh
|
|
√
Including prior to starting HCV DAA (see HCV/HIV Infection)
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|
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a This table pertains to laboratory tests done to select an ARV regimen and monitor for treatment responses or ART toxicities. Please refer to the HIV Primary Care Guidelines for guidance on other laboratory tests generally recommended for primary health care maintenance of HIV patients.1
b If ART is initiated soon after HIV diagnosis and entry into care, repeat baseline laboratory testing is not necessary.
c ART is indicated for all individuals with HIV and should be started as soon as possible. However, if ART initiation is delayed, patients should be retained in care, with periodic monitoring as noted above.
d If HIV RNA is detectable at 2–8 weeks, repeat testing every 4–8 weeks until viral load is suppressed to <200 copies/mL. Thereafter, repeat testing every 3–6 months.
e In patients on ART, viral load typically is measured every 3–4 months. More frequent monitoring may be considered in individuals who are having difficulties with ART adherence. However, for adherent patients with consistently suppressed viral load and stable immunologic status for more than 2 years, monitoring can be extended to 6-month intervals.
f Based on current rates of transmitted drug resistance to different ARV medications, standard genotypic drug-resistance testing in ARV-naive persons should focus on testing for mutations in the reverse transcriptase and protease genes. If transmitted INSTI resistance is a concern or if a person presents with viremia while on an INSTI, providers should also test for resistance mutations to this class of drugs. In ART-naive patients who do not immediately begin ART, repeat testing before initiation of ART is optional if resistance testing was performed at entry into care. In patients with virologic suppression who are switching therapy because of toxicity or for convenience, viral amplification will not be possible; see the section on Drug Resistance Testing for discussion of the potential limitations and benefits of proviral DNA assays in this situation. Results from prior resistance testing can be helpful in constructing a new regimen.
g If patient has HBV infection (as determined by a positive HBsAg or HBV DNA test result), TDF or TAF plus either FTC or 3TC should be used as part of the ARV regimen to treat both HBV and HIV infections (HBV/HIV).
h If HBsAg, HBsAb, and HBcAb test results are negative, hepatitis B vaccine series should be administered. Refer to the HIV Primary Care Guidelines and the Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infection Guidelines for detailed recommendations.1,2
i Most patients with isolated HBcAb have resolved HBV infection with loss of HBsAb. Consider performing an HBV viral load test for confirmation. If the HBV viral load test is positive, the patient may be acutely infected (and will usually display other signs of acute hepatitis) or chronically infected. If the test is negative, the patient should be vaccinated. Refer to the HIV Primary Care Guidelines and the Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infection Guidelines for more detailed recommendations.1,2
j The HCV antibody test may not be adequate for screening in the setting of recent HCV infection (defined as acquisition within the past 6 months), or advanced immunodeficiency (CD4 count <100 cells/mm3). HCV RNA screening is indicated in persons who have been successfully treated for HCV or who spontaneously cleared prior infection. HCV antibody-negative patients with elevated ALT may need HCV RNA testing.
k Injection drug users, persons with a history of incarceration, men with HIV who have unprotected sex with men, and persons with percutaneous/parenteral exposure to blood in unregulated settings are at risk of HCV infection.
l Serum Na, K, HCO3, Cl, BUN, creatinine, glucose, and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate. Serum phosphorus should be monitored in patients with chronic kidney disease who are on TDF-containing regimens.3
m Consult the Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: Recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America for recommendations on managing patients with renal disease.3 More frequent monitoring may be indicated for patients with evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria, decreased glomerular dysfunction) or increased risk of renal insufficiency (e.g., patients with diabetes, hypertension).
n CBC with differential should be done when a CD4 count is performed. When CD4 count is no longer being monitored, the recommended frequency of CBC with differential is once a year. More frequent monitoring may be indicated for persons who are receiving medications that potentially cause cytopenia (e.g., ZDV, TMP-SMX).
o If random lipids are abnormal, fasting lipids should be obtained. Consult the 2018 Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol for diagnosis and management of patients with dyslipidemia.4
p If random glucose is abnormal, fasting glucose should be obtained. HbA1C is no longer recommended for diagnosis of diabetes in persons with HIV on ART (see the ADA Guidelines).5
q Urine glucose and protein should be assessed before initiating TAF- or TDF-containing regimens and monitored during treatment with these regimens.
r For people of childbearing potential.
Key: 3TC = lamivudine; ABC = abacavir; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; ART = antiretroviral therapy; ARV = antiretroviral; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CBC = complete blood count; CD4 = CD4 T lymphocyte; Cl = chloride; DAA = direct-acting antiviral; FTC = emtricitabine; HbA1C = hemoglobin A1c; HBcAb = hepatitis B core antibody; HBsAb = hepatitis B surface antibody; HBsAg = hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV = hepatitis B virus; HCO3 = bicarbonate; HCV = hepatitis C virus; INSTI = integrase strand transfer inhibitor; K = potassium; Na = sodium; TAF = tenofovir alafenamide; TDF = tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; TMP-SMX = trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; ZDV = zidovudine
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